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Amounts of inflammatory mediators were also measured in the wound fluid.
At the 40 h "resolution" time point, there was significantly more macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and TGF-β in the wound fluid.
Accordingly, studies show that chronic wound fluid contains high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-α and IL-1β, which were measured to be 100-fold higher compared to acute wounds fluids (mastectomy drain fluids; Tarnuzzer and Schultz, 1996).
Chronic wound fluid also contains high levels of MMPs, specifically MMP-2 and MMP-9 (Wysocki et al.
Wound fluid from chronic leg ulcers contains elevated levels of metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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